Juridictions

Pourquoi la juridiction est importante

Le pays où une application est basée influe sur les lois de protection des données, le risque de surveillance et vos droits.

Risque faible

Respectueux de la vie privée

  • Lois solides de protection des données
  • Justice indépendante
  • Surveillance limitée
  • Procédures juridiques transparentes

Exemples : Suisse, Allemagne, Pays‑Bas

Risque moyen

Confidentialité mitigée

  • Certaines lois de vie privée
  • Capacités de surveillance importantes
  • Coopération internationale
  • Accès gouvernemental possible aux données

Exemples : États‑Unis, Royaume‑Uni, Canada

Risque élevé

Préoccupations de confidentialité

  • Peu de lois sur la vie privée
  • Surveillance étendue
  • Accès large de l’État aux données
  • Censure et contraintes réglementaires

Exemples : Chine, Russie

Yes Important : la juridiction n’est qu’un facteur. Combinez‑la avec la conception technique, les rapports de transparence, les audits et les politiques de conservation des données.
Low risk jurisdictions Click to toggle
🇨🇭 Switzerland Low

Laws: GDPR equivalent, strong privacy laws, independent oversight

Some of the strongest privacy protections worldwide; no mandatory data retention.

Notable apps: Proton

🇩🇪 Germany Low

Laws: GDPR, strict enforcement, strong consumer rights

Leader in privacy enforcement with independent authorities.

🇳🇱 Netherlands Low

Laws: GDPR, strong privacy culture, independent oversight

Robust data protection with independent oversight.

🇸🇪 Sweden Low

Laws: GDPR, strong privacy tradition, transparency laws

Long tradition of privacy protections and transparency.

Notable apps: Mullvad

🇬🇮 Gibraltar Low

Laws: GDPR equivalent, independent oversight

Strong data protection laws with privacy-friendly stance.

Notable apps: IVPN

Medium risk jurisdictions Click to toggle
🇺🇸 United States Medium

Laws: Limited federal privacy laws; state protections vary

Strong encryption rights but subject to surveillance and requests.

Notable apps: Signal, DuckDuckGo, Kagi

🇬🇧 United Kingdom Medium

Laws: GDPR equivalent; strong surveillance powers (Five Eyes)

Good consumer rights but extensive surveillance capabilities.

🇨🇦 Canada Medium

Laws: PIPEDA; independent privacy commissioner; Five Eyes member

Solid privacy laws but member of surveillance alliances.

🇮🇳 India Medium

Laws: Digital Personal Data Protection Act; evolving enforcement

Growing privacy framework, enforcement still evolving.

High risk jurisdictions Click to toggle
🇨🇳 China High

Laws: Limited privacy protections, extensive surveillance and data access

Extensive government access and censorship requirements.

Notable apps: WeChat

🇷🇺 Russia High

Laws: Limited privacy protections, government surveillance

Government access and censorship; limited privacy safeguards.